Comparative Analysis of Hadejia and Guddiri Dialects of Hausa

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INTRODUCTION
A language is a system of communication that consists of a set of rules governing the use of words, sounds, and grammatical structures to convey meaning.It includes both the lexical (vocabulary) and grammatical (syntax) components of a spoken or written form of communication.Languages vary widely in their structure, complexity, and cultural significance, and are classified into families based on shared linguistic features.The study of language is known as linguistics, which encompasses various subfields such as phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics (Swann et al., 2004).Understanding the intricacies of language is crucial for effective communication, education, and cultural preservation.Hausa is a major world language, spoken as a mother tongue by more than 30 million people in Northern Nigeria and Southern parts of Niger, in addition to diaspora communities of traders, Muslim scholars and immigrants in urban areas of West Africa (Southern Nigeria, Ghana, Togo, and the Blue Nile Province of Sudan).It is widely spoken as a second language and expanded rapidly as a lingua franca (Jaggar, 2001:1).However, in this paper we are going to state that research question, significance, design, theoretical framework method of data collection as well as data analysis techniques for accurate and objective comparison of the two dialects in question.

Research Questions
This research will answer the following questions: 1.
What are the phonological differences and similarities between Haɗejia and Guddiri dialects?2.
What are the syntactic differences and similarities between Haɗejia and Guddiri dialects?3.
What are the semantic differences and similarities between Haɗejia and Guddiri dialects?

Significance of the Study
Understanding the relationship between the Haɗejia and Guddiri dialects can be significant for several reasons, including: 1.
Analysing the relationship between these dialects can shed light on the historical migration patterns of the communities who speak them.This information can be used to reconstruct the linguistic evolution of the languages and their diversification from a common ancestor.

2.
Both Haɗejia and Guddiri dialects may be under-resourced and face endangerment.Studying their relationship can contribute to their documentation and preservation efforts, ensuring the survival of these unique linguistic expressions.

3.
Studying the shared and divergent features of Haɗejia and Guddiri dialects can contribute to the field of comparative dialectology, providing valuable insights into the processes of linguistic change and variation.

Sociolinguistics
Sociolinguistics is a subfield of linguistics that explores the relationship between language and society.It examines how social factors such as gender, age, ethnicity, social class, and region influence language use and variation.Sociolinguistics also investigates how language is used to construct and maintain social identities, power relations, and cultural values.This interdisciplinary field draws on insights from anthropology, sociology, psychology, and communication studies to provide a holistic understanding of language in its social context (Swann et al., 2004).The study of sociolinguistics has practical applications in fields such as education, linguistic planning, language revitalization, and language policy (Wardhaugh& Fuller, 2015).

Dialect
Wardhaugh & Fuller (2015) explained dialect as a regional or social variation of a language that is characterized by distinctive pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary.Dialects can arise due to geographic isolation, historical settlement patterns, migration, and social factors such as education and socioeconomic status.
Regional dialects develop as a result of geographic isolation and contact between speakers.For example, speakers in different parts of the Hausa lands may pronounce words differently due to differences in settlement patterns.These regional dialects can be so distinct that speakers from different regions may have difficulty understanding each other.(Zaria dialect), Guddranci (Guddiri dialect), Bausanci (Bauchi dialect) and Haɗejanci (Haɗejia dialect) respectively.The western dialects include Sakkwatanci (Sokoto dialect), Zamfaranci (Zamfara dialect), Kabanci (Kebbi dialect), Gobiranci (Gobir Dialect), and Katsinanci (Katsina dialect)respectively.The northern dialects include Damagaranci (Damagaran dialect), Arawanci (Arawa dialect), Dauranci (Daura dialect), and Gumalanci (Gumel dialect) respectively.Social dialects, on the other hand, reflect differences in social class, education, and ethnicity.For example, speakers from lower socioeconomic backgrounds may use different vocabulary or grammar than speakers from higher socio economic backgrounds.These social dialects can be influenced by factors such as education and exposure to different linguistic communities.

The Relationship between Haɗejia and Guddiri Communities
Currently, Haɗejia is situated northeast of Jigawa.Haɗejia's name comes from the names of the prominent hunter "Haxe" and his wife "Jiya," who is credited by history with founding the town (Wakili, 1989, p. 1).The Emir of Haɗejia is the head of the Council of Kings of the kingdoms of Jigawa state because his kingdom was the hub of this kingdom and is also the largest of the kingdoms in Jigawa state.Eight local government areas make up the Haɗejia emirate: Guri, Kiri kassama, Auyo, Birniwa, Haɗejia, Kafin-Hausa, Mallam Madori, Kaugama, and Kiri kasama.
One of the well-known Hausa lands, Guddiri land is situated in what is now the states of Bauchi and Yobe in north eastern Nigeria.Katagum is the centre of Guddiri territory.In addition, Misau, Damban, Azare, Lanzai, Yayu, and other cities are located on this territory.We can be certain that Guddirawa are Hausa people since the leaders of these towns have the typical Hausa leadership styles.Apart from Hausa, Guddiri land is comprised mainly of Fulani, Kanuri and Kare-kare tribes.These native clans were tightly knotted by marriage and of course by religion.The name Guddiri was derived from the epithet 'BornoN'guddiri", meaning "little Borno" (Ibinola, 2009).Guddirawa is the popular folkloric name of the inhabitants.Their major occupations were farming, fishing, iron smelting and hunting (Ibinola 2009).
The Guddiri area and Haɗejia are adjacent.The town's founders were brothers from the start, according to history.Since the Shehu Usman DanFodio Jihad and the Hausa wars, they have had an excellent relationship.Their marriage, political, and economic ties are still strong.For instance, King Haji of Katagun married King Muhammadu's daughter, while King Mamman of Misau married King Muhammadu's daughter of Haɗejia (Tukur, 1999, p. 103).
Then Haɗejia and Guddiri dialects are subsection regions of Hausa eastern dialects.They are also related to similar languages including Fulfulde, Bade and Kanuri languages.This has helped a lot in making the dialects look similar despite the many differences between them.

Theoretical Framework
The theory of language variation laid out by Labov (1972) will be applied in this study.In 1972, William Labov proposed a ground-breaking theory of language variation in his book "Sociolinguistic Patterns."This theory challenged the traditional view of language as a fixed and uniform system.Instead, Labov argued that language is inherently variable and that this variation is patterned and systematic.

Research Design
Descriptive qualitative research is being utilized in this study of the differences and similarities between the Haɗejia and Guddiri dialects.The descriptive qualitative approach in the field of dialectology is a research methodology that focuses on documenting and analysing the linguistic features of dialects in a detailed and comprehensive manner.

Method of Data Collection
In this study of the similarities and differences between Haɗejia and Guddiri dialects, a multidimensional approach that integrates interview, observation, questionnaire and the analysis of existing literature is used.During interviews with native speakers, researchers gather information about their language usage, including pronunciation, vocabulary, and sentences.Observations of native speakers in naturalistic settings like conversations or community interactions reveal unique linguistic features.Previous documents including academic studies, linguistic atlases, and other relevant sources provide context for new findings and help to identify similarities and differences between the dialects.In addition, a total of 1,400 respondents completed the questionnaire, with 700 of them coming from each of the seven local government areas of Haɗejia and Guddiri.By combining these methods, the researcher obtains a comprehensive understanding of the similarities and differences between Haɗejia and Guddiri dialects.

Data Analysis Techniques
Content analysis is used to analyse the data in this research on the similarities and differences between the Haɗejia and Guddiri dialects.Content analysis is a technique used to methodically look over and analyse the text, audio, or visual content.Tavakoli (2012) defined content analysis as a procedure which is used to convert written or spoken information into data that can be analysed and interpreted.

The Phonological Differences and Similarities between Haɗejia and Guddiri Dialects
Phonology is defined as a branch of linguistics that studies the sound system of a language.Many variationists' sociolinguistic studies have focused on phonological variation, or how the pronunciation of certain phonological features varies between speakers and contexts.Typically this would involve identifying a set of phonological variables (e.g.phonemes whose realisation varies) (Swann et al., 2004, p. 238).

The Phonological Differences between Haɗejia and Guddiri Dialects
The Haɗejia and Guddiri dialects exhibit some phonological differences.They are as follows:

Alternation
Alternation term occurs in phonology for the indication of variation in pronunciation of a particular phoneme, usually determined by adjacent sounds or syllables (Swann et al., 2004 p. 8,).Thus, alternants of the phoneme /u/ in Hausa are [i], [ɨ] and [u] as in biki, bɨki and buki respectively.The word gadoo (bed) ends with the vowel /oo/, but when the suffix {-n} is added as in gadon, the vowel is pronounced [a].The sound alternations that occur in the Haɗejia and Guddiri dialects show both their similarities and differences.They are as follows: a.
When the voiceless palato-alveolar fricative /ʃ/ comes before an unrounded vowel in the Haɗejia dialect, it becomes a palatalized voiceless glottal fricative [hj].In Hausa, the unrounded vowels are /i/, /ii/, /e/, /ee/, /a/, and /aa/.However, when /ʃ/ comes before an unrounded vowel in the Guddiri dialect, it is not realized as [hj].Consider the following examples: b.As you can see from the above examples, in Hadejanci, the /ʃ/ sound that occurs before the unrounded vowel sounds are realised as [hj] sound in every word, whereas in Guddiri dialect, the /ʃ/ sound does not change.Additionally, this contradicts the opinions of academics like Baba (1988), who claimed that the Haɗejia dialect is the same as the Guddiri dialect.

Shakkaa
c.An additional way to differentiate the Haɗejia dialect from the Guddiri dialect is by observing that in the Haɗejia dialect, the /ʃ/ sound that appears in a word-final syllable before a vowel /i/ is realised as the sound [h], whereas in Guddiri, it remains unchanged.Take a look at these instances: There is a realisation of the sound /ʔj/ as the [ƙj] in the Guddiri dialect, which does not occur in the Haɗejia dialect.Additionally, this alternation has a few examples.The research presented on the difference between Standard Hausa and Guddiri dialects such as Bagari (1978), Ali (1986) and Sani (2003) gave one example.Here it is: g.

Haɗejia dialect
Guddiri dialect Gloss ʔyaaʔyaa Qyaaƙyaa Plural of son and daughter

Gemination
Gemination is the articulation of a consonant for a longer duration than that of a single sound in phonology.Gemination is commonly interpreted as the doubling of the consonant and is symbolized as a doubled letter in several writing systems (Crystal, 2008&Salim, 1990).Gemination as a nondialectal is found in all dialects, as in hannu (hand), kunne (ear), kalli (look at), shakka (doubt), and hamma (yawning).There are dialectal which is also found in northern dialects, such as hulla (cap) instead of hula, jakki (donkey) instead of jaki, and kassuwa (market) instead of kasuwa.The distinction between the Haɗejia and Guddiri dialects can be explained in terms of germination.As we have shown in the aforementioned cases, germination takes place in the Haɗejia dialect between the long vowel sound of negation (where the vowel becomes short) and the consonant sound of the pronoun.However, there is no such scenario in the Guddiri dialect.

Tone
The use of pitch in language to differentiate between lexical and grammatical meaning is known as tone.Hausa is a tonal language.Each of its five vowels may have a low tone, high tone or falling tone in a word.The following examples illustrated by Sani (2003) show how the tonal realizations of the Haɗejia and Guddiri dialects differ: In Haɗejia dialects, all of the words that come before them in the above-mentioned examples have a high tone, as do the words that come after them.However, the first word has a low tone in the Guddiri dialect, whereas the words that follow have a high tone.In other words, this is because the Guddiri dialect exhibits tonal polarity in these situations.Apart from the fact that the word's meaning remains unchanged, this metathesis has an additional interesting feature.If the syllable from which the metathesis is derived has a high tone, it maintains that tone, without switching to low or falling tones.

The Syntactic Differences and Similarities between Haɗejia and Guddiri Dialects
An aspect of grammar refers to sentence or clause structure (i.e.how words combine to form sentences). Syntactic structures may vary between languages and language varieties, and also socially and stylistically (Swann et al., 2004, p. 307).

The Syntactic Differences between Haɗejia and Guddiri Dialects
There are several noticeable syntactic variations between the Haɗejia and Guddiri dialects, despite their extensive vocabulary and grammar similarities.These are a few instances: by the information provided.Regarding the use of tense markers, however, things are different in the Haɗejia dialect.Tone distinguishes the general continuous tense and relative continuous tense markers in the Haɗejia dialect.Similar to how the relative continuous tense has "nàa" with a low tone, the general continuous tense has "náa" with a high tone.This distinction is a significant fact that establishes the differences between the Haɗejia and Guddiri dialects.

Dative
Dative describes the relationship between the verb and the nouns in a sentence (Gital, 1987).Haɗejia differs from the Guddiri dialect in the way it uses dative form, as will be seen in the following examples:

Haɗejia Dialect Guddiri dialect Gloss
Audu yaa taaraa wa Ali kuɗi Audu yaa taaraa kuɗi a Ali Audu collected money for Ali Lamii taa gasaa wa Kande nama Lamii taa gasaa nama a Kande Lami baked meat for Kande The "wa/ma" dative changes to "a", which verifies the difference between the two dialects in the case of noun and pronoun datives.

Possessive
The possessive indicates that one noun takes ownership of another noun.There are two types of possessive, long possessive as in mota taka {your car) and short possessive as in motarka(your car) (Galadanci, 1976).The application of short possessives will be examined in this study.

The Syntactic Similarities between Haɗejia and Guddiri Dialects
Despite the explanation of numerous grammatical details on the variations between the Haɗejia and Guddiri dialects, a syntactic feature will highlight the shared feature between these two dialects.
Here, it is:

Pronominal Subject Copying
Pronominal subject copying is one of the parts of syntax where there are similarities between Haɗejia and Guddiri dialects.To gain a better understanding of the information, consider these examples:

Standard Hausa Dialect Haɗejia and Guddiri dialects Gloss
Malam yaa cee na zoo Malam yaa cee na zoo ni The teacher asked me to come

Malamyaaceeka zoo Malamyaaceeka zoo ka
The teacher asked you to come Malam yaa cee ki zoo Malam yaa cee ki zoo ki The teacher asked you to come Malam yaa cee mu zoo Malam yaa cee mu zoo mu The teacher asked us to come Malam yaa cee su zoo Malam yaa cee su zoo su The teacher asked them to come

The Semantic Differences and Similarities between Haɗejia and Guddiri Dialects
The study of linguistic meaning.Semantics is concerned with the meaning of words and sentences and with the relations between words (sometimes termed `sense relations').Word meanings may vary regionally and between social groups, giving rise to semantic variation.The semantic relationships between Hausa dialects can be explained in large part by the meanings of several words (Musa, 1995).To express our meaning, we were compelled by this to use a few terms from the Haɗejia and Guddiri dialects.

The Semantic Differences between Haɗejia and Guddiri Dialects
The lexicons of the Haɗejia and Guddiri dialects differ in how they communicate word meanings.These differences are demonstrated by the following examples: Finally, this study acknowledges that each historical Hausa dynasty had its dialect, with the capital of the dynasty serving as the hub of the dialect that bears that dynasty's name, such as Sakkwatanci (Sokoto dialect) from Sokoto, Kananci (Kano dialect) from Kano, and Haɗejanci (Haɗejia dialect) from Haɗejia.But, as a result of the nature of the Hausa country, which is a wide open country without large rivers and forests, the interaction between the kingdoms developed, which made the people of Haɗejia and Guddiri and other types of dialects mix which made it not the ability that makes the dialects look similar to each other.Also, the advent of reading and writing of Western education after the Jihad of Shehu Usman Dan fodio, helped to produce books and newspapers that further confused the clear distinction among Hausa dialects, just as the media of radio and television helped in eliminating the variations between dialects.
The Hausa dialects consist of three Subsections: East, West and North.The eastern dialects include Kananci (Kano dialect), Zazzaganci Website: https://bjmas.org/index.php/bjmas/indexPublished by European Centre for Research Training and Development UK Vowels are also different in Haɗejia and Guddiri dialects, because in the Haɗejia dialect the vowel /u/, when it comes at the beginning of a word after the sound /ʔ/, is realised as the vowel[a].But in the Guddiri dialect, this does not happen as can be seen in the following examples: Consider the following examples:

between Haɗejia and Guddiri Dialects Alternation
Despite the phonemic realisation of the Haɗejia and Guddiri dialects differ in many ways as previously mentioned, the dialects are similar when it comes to standard Hausa's realization of /fj/ as [f].Here is an example to prove what is explained above: (Sani, 1999)onological metathesis occurs when two adjacent sounds switch places, as in bincike (research) [1 2 3] and binkice [1 3 2](Sani, 1999).The Haɗejia and Guddiri dialects exhibit a range of metathesis, which at times highlights their distinctions and at other times highlights their commonalities.Consider the below examples:

Standard Hausa Dialect Guddiri dialect Haɗejia dialect Gloss
The use of the short possessive, which has a noun at the beginning, a link element (which indicates gender and number), and a pronoun, is where Haɗejia and Guddiri dialects vary.If the third person singular masculine is used, this is where the differences lie, as demonstrated by the following examples: In most scenarios, it can be easily identified by the words ba…baas inbazaizoba(he will not come), babu/ba as in babu/ba kaya (there is no stuff) and kada, as in kadakashiga (don't enter).The Haɗejia and Guddiri dialects differ in how negative sentences are constructed.Consider the following examples: Website: https://bjmas.org/index.php/bjmas/indexPublished by European Centre for Research Training and Development UK 40