A Scientometrics Report on Policies for Managing Decommissioned Solar Power Systems in The Niger Delta

: The region of the Niger Delta has seen a significant increase in the use of solar power systems (SPSs) to meet the energy needs of its people. As these systems approach their end-of-life, it is vital to have proper handling techniques to limit their impact on the environment and make the most of resource reuse. This article focused on examining the government guidelines for dealing with SPSs that have been decommissioned within the core Niger Delta region. The research used a quantitative method, with questionnaires serving as the tool for collecting data. Thirty-six officials from government agencies in the core three States were examined on the policy structure applied to decommission SPSs. The research utilized both descriptive and detailed statistical methods to interpret the data and discuss the findings. It was uncovered that government personnel are lacks the understanding of policies that encourage renewable and environmentally friendly energy methods in the installation of SPSs and their administration at end-of-life. Among the suggestions, it was noted that governmental bodies must adopt and integrate the essential 8 policy instruments and practice lasting handling techniques for dealing with waste from SPSs within the policy structure applied in the study area.


INTRODUCTION
Nearly 75,000 km 2 in its size, the Niger Delta region accounts for 7.5% of Nigeria's total land area and is one of the nine most challenging deltas in the world (Nwogwugwu et al., 2012).According to history and early maps, it formerly included the Bayelsa, Delta, and Rivers States.
These three states continue to be considered to be the core Niger Delta out of the nine coastal states in the region (Benefit, et al., 2014).The Niger Delta region is home to more than 42 million people, with a population growth rate of 3.2% (National Bureau of Statistics, NBS, 2018).Due to the 3.2% growth rate, the official population of the central Niger Delta in 2022 is 15,650,300 (City Population, 2022).According to reports, the area has continued to be a rough landscape, gripped by squalor, inadequate sanitation, a lack of basic infrastructure, habitat loss, and environmental deterioration (Sahara Reporters, 2022).The biodiversity of the Niger Delta region is currently under constant threat, according to waste management reports (Ogolo, 2011;Benefit et al., 2014;Donatus et al., 2021).According to Okorhi (2018) and Okorhi, et al. (2019), one of the ways that the biodiversity of the Niger Delta is degraded is by the leaching of hazardous wastes into the environment's constituent parts.Environmental and health conditions were impacted by soil toxins, hazardous substances leaking into ground and surface water at refuse disposal sites, and air pollution caused by burning electronic garbage.These were partially ascribed to the subpar management techniques and approaches used by stakeholders to manage solid wastes.A "disconnect between policy and practise" for waste management in Nigeria was identified by the authors as their main finding.
Generally, the management of decommissioned solar power systems (SPSs) is an emerging research topic in Nigeria and beyond.Several empirical studies are focused on potential environmental impacts, general waste management issues, and the need for sustainable solutions.However, there is lack of comprehensive policies specifically tailored to the region of the Niger Delta because of its uniqueness.For instance, environmental impacts and challenges studies are characterized with highlights of various environmental concerns associated with decommissioned solar power systems, like the presence of toxins (e.g., lead and cadmium) in solar PV panels, improper disposal of wastes, and the release of greenhouse gases during the dismantling process leading to contamination of components of the environment.Besides, sparse recycling facilities, inadequate waste management infrastructure, and lack of awareness among stakeholders pose major challenges too.Secondly, resource recovery and circular economy approach which are efforts meant towards resource recovery from decommissioned SPSs were equally discussed in several studies.These researches emphasized the importance of adopting a circular economy approach to extract valuable materials and promote recycling.The recovery of metals, such as copper, silver, and silicon, is identified as economically viable and environmentally beneficial.However, all these studies fall short of specific policy perspective dedicated to the management of SPSs in the core Niger Delta.A scientometrics report on policies for managing decommissioned solar power systems in the Niger Delta would therefore add to the topic by bridging the disconnect between policy and practice.
The Africa Clean Energy (2021) had reported that Nigeria is among the 10 African countries (Egypt, Madagascar, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Ghana, Cameroon, Rwanda, Kenya, South Africa, and Zambia) that have specific electronic waste or e-waste legislation (law, act, regulatory, statutory instruments etc.) that are legally binding for the management of end-of-life EEE.By implication, Nigeria remains considered as a leading proponent in Africa for handling disused EEE (or ewaste) because of its specific regulations targeted at several e-products.Secondly, because of some mitigating challenges in handling electronic waste from renewable facilities, the federal government of Nigeria (FGN) initiated the promotion of additional policy measures in the framework for renewable energy setups to avert wastes from the environment, and thereby improving living conditions of citizenry and the pursuit of sustainability.This paper is therefore aimed at assessing regulations of the government for managing decommissioned solar PV power systems in the Niger Delta region.We would also consider testing a null hypothesis for this study.The hypothesis (H0) states that "The EEE regulations for handling wastes from solar power systems (SPSs) are inadequate".In particular, this study would assess the implementation of the National Environmental (Electrical/Electronics Sector) Regulations, 2022 along with other policy instruments use in the framework of renewable energy power systems in Nigeria.Also, the study intends to address reports indicating the continuous and unaddressed threats from solar power system wastes to the biodiversity of the Niger Delta region.This is in order to further ignite and reassure the citizenry that renewable energy pursuit by the FGN could be built upon and sustained.
Clean energy and the significance of solar power systems option for Nigeria.
From reports, the Federal Government of Nigeria (FGN) had ensured a progressive policy direction on the diversification of the country's energy mix to promote the acceptance and usage of renewable energy as a major energy source (Adeniyi et. al, 2020;Alternative Energy Store, 2022).The government demonstrated this by creating a level playing ground, political will and commitments in developing strategies for off-grid sub-sector powered by renewable energy setup (Africa Clean Energy, 2019).The report further stated that the Nigeria Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Policy (NREEEP), 2015 submitted that an estimated investment of US$3.5 billion is required to accelerate the projected 30GW by 2030.In another report, the Nigeria market was considered to be among the fastest growing solar power systems (SPSs) markets around the world.This is because of the erratic and inadequate supply of electricity from government national grids to its populace.According to its operators, the growing solar PV panels market in Nigeria has been valued to be more than US$39 million, and employing over 10,000 persons (Isaac, February 26, 2018).The market is partly driven by rapid innovations in solar power devices, efficiency and reduction in prices for components of SPSs (solar panels, batteries and associated peripherals) (Netherlands Enterprise Agency, 2021).Reports of solar photovoltaic (PV) power systems setups within Nigeria by individuals, in rural dwellings and marketplaces, street lightings, etc. are overwhelming.A report by Isaac (April 6, 2018) confirmed that some of these set-ups are located in agricultural farmlands for processing, lightening and other rural purposes.An example is the Innotech 18 Meter Tunnel Solar Dryer which is said to have helped farmers in drying pepper faster within half the required normal time.With the introduction of this innovative solar dryer, farmers' production time was cut to nearly half the normal time, and saving 40% of products that would have gone into the waste stream on the account of weather conditions and rodents damages.The solar panel system installations are locations at Kadabo and Baawa, both communities in Makarfi, Kaduna State (Isaac, April 6, 2018).Lagos State is also reckoned with installations of revolutionary solar-powered kiosks in marketplaces.These kiosks were seen strategically positioned mostly in food markets, with the traders preserving fresh vegetables and fruits in compartments of the solar-powered kiosks, while reducing food wastes.The solar powered refrigerators in kiosks were capable of elongating the shelf-life of agricultural products for between 2 to 21 days.While the high installation charges demanded upfront have deterred many of these desiring consumers within the lower segment in Nigeria, the government has equally introduced combine strategies to ignite a renewable energy pursuit using solar power systems.Some of these strategies are contained in policy framework for energy options, usage, acquisition, decommissioning and handling of obsolete solar PV power systems.For the purpose of this study, we present in Table 1 relevant policy instruments and their promoters on solar PV power systems setup.1, Nigeria is still challenged with the implantation of policies in the renewable energy sector.By April, 2018, BusinessDay newspaper brought to the knowledge of the public that Nigeria's clean energy ambitions is been hampered with reported transboundary movement of decommissioned solar PV panels into Nigeria, the socioeconomic impacts, and government's huge tariffs on items for setting up renewable energy systems (Isaac, April 6, 2018).This report titled "New import duty on solar panels: How Nigeria preys on dreams" was another fact-finding article from Isaac Anyaogu.The report reckoned that the Nigerian Customs Service (NCS) had an imposed levy of 5% duty and another 5% value added tax (VAT) on all new solar PV panels imported into Nigeria.Until 2018, imported solar PV panels were exempted from duties payable to government base on Nigeria's HS Codes classification for imports.Hitherto, the NCS classified solar PV panels under the code: 85414000 classifications which attracted zero duty.In addition, the government appeared to be defiant in providing incentives for operators as part of its policy commitments for accelerating the energy transition as contained in sub-section 2.1.2,Supporting Policies and Measure, of the NREEEP (2015).These and other issues have become challenging to operators and lenders in the renewable energy sector, thereby reducing the pace for solar power systems set in Nigeria.This has equally hindering the policy drive for "generating 30% of its electricity through renewable energy and to the tune of 30GW target by 2030 from renewable energy sources, especially through solar power programme" in the Niger Delta and beyond (FMP, 2015;Isaac, April 6, 2018).Furthermore, stakeholders on the sector are apparently uninformed on the extended producer responsibility (EPR) programme for electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) at their end-of-life.The pursuit of EPR programme for solar PV devices is stipulated under Part II-General Provisions, sub-section 21 and in Schedule VI of the National Environmental (Energy Sector) Regulations, ( 2014).This is a key strategy to sound environmental management of decommissioned components of solar PV power systems and its peripherals (NESREA, 2014;Isaac, February 26, 2018).

Framework for Handling Waste from Solar Power Systems in the Niger Delta
Pursuant to assessing government regulations for managing decommissioned solar PV power systems in the Niger Delta region, we adopted a conceptual framework (Figure 1) for "Management Strategies for Handling E-Waste from Solar Devices in Selected Cities of the Niger Delta" by John (2022).It showcases the Scope, Proponents and Strategic aspects of the framework.It revealed "What" is involved, "Who" is a stakeholder and "How" the implementation of policy is dished out.In a nutshell, the management strategies for wastes from solar power systems (SPSs) could be systematically organized under six components viz.: legal and regulatory framework, institutional arrangements, strategic planning, sensitization and participation, waste scheme funding, as well as waste generation and handling (Okorhi, 2018).
Because waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is a specialized waste type, the legal and regulation framework for handling waste from SPSs in the Niger Delta is mainly drawn from the policy instruments listed in Table 1.These policy instruments have sessions and stipulations that are dedicated to strategies for handling of disused devices from SPSs.These six regulations targeted at renewable energy and sustainability in power supply in Nigeria are summarized as follow: a) The National Environmental (Energy Sector) Regulations, 2014 speaks to preventing or minimizing pollution as well as encouraging energy efficiency in all operations and ancillary undertakings of the energy sector toward achieving a sustainable economic development in Nigeria (NESREA, 2014).The sources for renewable energy should be obtained from solar, hydro, wave, wind, geothermal and biomass.Part II of the General Provisions of the regulation stipulates that the disposal of hazardous waste, like decommissioned SPSs, on land or water without prior treatment is strictly prohibited, and that every power generating facility should have a "sustainable community relations programme" as part of compliance to corporate social responsibility (CSR).
b) The National Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Policy (NREEEP), 2015 was designed to remove major barriers to renewable energy and energy efficiency pursuit in Nigeria at an economic, regulatory and institutional advantages compared to other forms of energy sources.It is intended that the policy would serve as a blue print for the sustainable expansion, supply and deployment of renewable energy resources within the Nigeria economy for on-grid and off-grid energy solutions (Federal Ministry of Power, 2015).The sources of renewable energy were targeted at solar energy, biomass, wind, small and medium hydro, tide, geothermal and wave energy.Solar energy resource intensity was considered to be generally high in Nigeria and should be harnessed for agricultural processing purposes, street, homes and park lightings, among others using solar energy conversion technologies, such as photovoltaic materials (cells or modules)

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study took place in selected local government areas (LGAs) in the core Niger Delta, comprising Delta, Rivers and Bayelsa States (Kimiebi, 2010).Table 2 represents a population of the 9 purposively selected LGAs in the Core Niger Delta.Of this population, three (3) stakeholders (monitoring/regulatory agencies, recycler/technicians/traders and end-users) involved in the pursuit of renewable energy setups and management.They were investigated using distinct questionnaires for each listed group.The sample size was determined as 400 using the Yamane formulae computation, while the distribution criterion for questionnaires was informed by Ogbuene (2014).However, this report presents results from government monitoring/regulatory agencies surveyed in the study area.In addition, Table 3 gives a schedule of questionnaire administered to these stakeholders, where government senior officials involved in policy planning and implementation for renewable energy pursuit and waste management were considered in eliciting information from the Regulatory/Monitoring Agencies sector.The choice of these officials was purposive because certain distinct data sets on the policies investigated were necessitated and could not be obtained from the other categories of respondents.For even spread, at least one urbanized LGA was picked from each strata of States in the study area.Hence, 4 questionnaires were administered to the respondents in each LGA.These 36 respondents were drawn from the federal and state environmental protection agencies, local government environmental offices and other government policing agencies.Both descriptive and inferential statistics were presented, analysed and discussed in the section that followed.[Table A1] [Figure A1] The respondents for this study were primarily senior government officers who are responsible for the planning, execute, monitor and regulating strategies for the policy framework deployed for managing wastes from Solar PV Systems in the study area.These officials subsequently suggest improvements, adoption and promotion of frontier measures that are sustainable for the management of WEEE in Nigeria.We discuss this framework by first analysing the applicable guideline(s) adopted and promoted by these agencies for conducting routine management of wastes from SPSs, and thereafter assessing the strategies deployed for implementation in the Niger Delta region.Table 1 had a listing of six (6) national policy instruments approved for use by the regulatory and legislative agencies.

Waste management policies for solar power systems (SPSs) in the Niger Delta
From Table B1, it is revealed that 20 (59%) respondents opined that they deploy 2 state environmental edicts from Delta and Rivers in addition to the 6 FGN regulatory instruments in [Table B1] Waste management plans and strategies for decommissioned solar power systems (SPSs) Table B2 further assessed the appropriateness of adopted regulations for the management of endof-life solar PV system setups.
[Table B2] Eighteen 18 (53%) respondents admitted that the national guidelines like the "Harmful Waste (Special Criminal Provisions) Act H1 LFN 2004 and "National Environmental Protection (Waste Management) Regulations S.I.15 of 1991" were also pertinent to 6 FGN key policy instruments listed in Table B1 for the management of decommissioned SPSs in the Niger Delta.But half of the FGN respondents (17(50%)) admitted that the deployed management strategies in the policy framework for obsolete solar PV systems were inadequate or ineffective.Besides, it was revealed that the minimum set targets in the national regulations as management strategies for the collection of wastes for solar devices as well as handling expertise stipulated for States of the Niger Delta is not adhered to.Eighteen (18) (53%) respondents confirmed that set targets for collecting and handling of solar PV system wastes were not followed through.However, 11(32%) respondents admitted to a small extent that there are strategies in the policy framework that promotes the recovery and recycling of decommissioned solar PV devices, while another 8(24%) respondents debunked this position to be at a very small extent, and 6(18%) respondents further opined that the strategies promoting recovery and recycling for such wastes are not tenable in the study area.More so, 11 (32%) respondents agreed to a small extent that they adopt foreign regulations as part of the management strategies for solar device wastes generated.With 6(18%) respondents affirmed strongly to incorporating foreign management strategies during implementation.Nevertheless, there are close indifferences in adjudging inclusion of government financial mechanisms in the integrated policy framework to promote formal recycling of decommissioned SPSs.From Table B2, 7(21%) respondents strongly disagree, 9 (27%) respondents slightly disagreed, 8(24%) respondents agreed to a small extent, 6(18%) respondents agreed, and 4(14%) respondents totally agreed to the inclusion of financial mechanisms during the implementation process.A regression statistical was used to test the relationship between the dependent variable (response Y) and independent variables (predictors k) on the main research question: What are the standard government regulations deployed for managing decommissioned SPSs in the Niger Delta region?
The null hypothesis Ho1 is stated as: "The EEE regulations for handling wastes from solar power systems (SPSs) are inadequate".Here, the dependent variable is considered as "the extent of knowledge and participation of regulatory and monitoring agencies in the formulated policies, laws/legislatures, guidelines and regulations relating to wastes from SPSs".And the independent variables include the quantitative responses on management standards and disposal strategies deployed in the study area.Table B3 reveals analysis on questions for hypothesis H0 (1).Here A linear multiple regression test was carried out on questions relating to government policies, regulations, laws, acts, legislations, edits, guidelines, standards etc. for handling wastes from SPSs.
[Table B3] The Regression Criteria = P < 0.05 implies we reject the null hypothesis.The comparable values for regression inferential statistics are the Beta, β coefficients: H01 are β1 = 0.432; β2 = 0.180; β3 = -0.196;β4 = 0.258; β5 = 0.162; β6 = 0.053; β7 = 0.149 and β8 = -0.509.The R-square is given as 0.333 or R 2 = (33%).The question "…the applicable guideline(s) used by your firm/business in carrying out routine management of end-of-life lithium batteries: [National Environmental (Energy Sector) Regulations, 2014]" has Beta (β1) = 0.432 when compared with the tabulated pvalue (P1) = 0.057.This result reveals that the variable is significant.Next, the question "the applicable guideline(s) used by your firm/business in carrying out routine management of end-oflife lithium batteries: [National Energy Efficiency Action Plan, 2016 (NEEAP)]" has Beta ( β2) = 0.180 which is comparably (P2) = 0.715.However, this result implies that the variable tested is insignificant.We compute and compare for the others as follow for β3 -β8 and P3 -P8: β3 = -0.196:P3 = 0.777, β4 = 0.258: P4 = 0.523, β5 = 0.162: P5 = 0.504, β6 = 0.053: P6 = 0.876, β7 = 0.149: P7 = 0.535, and β8 = -0.509:P8 = 0.042.From the above results, the P-values (P3 -P8) are found to be greater than the comparable Beta coefficient (β) significant values.Therefore the tested variables become insignificant.So, we are to accept the null hypothesis H01: "The EEE regulations for handling wastes from solar power systems (SPSs) are inadequate", since most pvalues (except P8) were greater than P = 0.05.These findings agrees with field observations and anecdotal claims by stakeholders that there remain inadequate action of management functions that starts with proper planning, organising, leading, handling and control of wastes from decommissioned SPSs..1201.297 a. Predictors: (Constant), Are these additional national guidelines "Harmful Waste (Special Criminal Provisions) Act Cap H1 LFN 2004 and the National Environmental Protection (Waste Management) Regulations S.I.15 of 1991" relevant to decommissioned solar PV systems management, Among the provisions listed below, tick the applicable guideline(s) used by your firm/business in carrying out routine management of end-of-life lithium batteries: [National Environmental (Energy Sector) Regulations, 2014], Among the provisions listed below, tick the applicable guideline(s) used by your firm/business in carrying out routine management of end-of-life lithium batteries: [National Energy Efficiency Action Plan, 2016 (NEEAP)], Among the provisions listed below, tick the applicable guideline(s) used by your firm/business in carrying out routine management of end-of-life lithium batteries: [The National Environmental (Electrical/Electronics Sector) Regulations S.I.No. 23 of 2011, Other than those listed in question 1 above, please indicate other legislative provisions (including State edits) that form part of the policy framework adopted and applicable in managing disused wastes from solar devices in your jurisdiction of work, Among the provisions listed below, tick the applicable guideline(s) used by your firm/business in carrying out routine management of end-of-life lithium batteries: [National Renewable Energy Action Plan, 2016 (NREAP)], Among the provisions listed below, tick the applicable guideline(s) used by your firm/business in carrying out routine management of end-of-life lithium batteries: [The National Environmental (Sanitation and Wastes Control) Regulation S.I.28 of 2009], Among the provisions listed below, tick the applicable guideline(s) used by your firm/business in carrying out routine management of end-of-life lithium batteries:  ), Are these additional national guidelines "Harmful Waste (Special Criminal Provisions) Act Cap H1 LFN 2004 and the National Environmental Protection (Waste Management) Regulations S.I.15 of 1991" relevant to decommissioned solar PV systems management, Among the provisions listed below, tick the applicable guideline(s) used by your firm/business in carrying out routine management of end-of-life lithium batteries: [National Environmental (Energy Sector) Regulations, 2014], Among the provisions listed below, tick the applicable guideline(s) used by your firm/business in carrying out routine management of end-of-life lithium batteries: [National Energy Efficiency Action Plan, 2016 (NEEAP)], Among the provisions listed below, tick the applicable guideline(s) used by your firm/business in carrying out routine management of end-of-life lithium batteries: [The National Environmental (Electrical/Electronics Sector) Regulations S.I.No. 23 of 2011, Other than those listed in question 1 above, please indicate other legislative provisions (including State edits) that form part of the policy framework adopted and applicable in managing disused wastes from solar devices in your jurisdiction of work, Among the provisions listed below, tick the applicable guideline(s) used by your firm/business in carrying out routine management of end-of-life lithium batteries: [National Renewable Energy Action Plan, 2016 (NREAP)], Among the provisions listed below, tick the applicable guideline(s) used by your firm/business in carrying out routine management of end-of-life lithium batteries: [The National Environmental (Sanitation and Wastes Control) Regulation S.I.28 of 2009], Among the provisions listed below, tick the applicable guideline(s) used by your firm/business in carrying out routine management of end-of-life lithium batteries: restrictions on toxin effluent, WEEE handling, permit issuance and revocation, offences and penalties, among others.In the 1 st Schedule [regulation 2(3)] EEE were classified into 10 categories of goods.Solar PV panel which is the principal device used in the installation of SPSs is classified under grey goods -ICT and telecommunication equipment.By implication the 2022 Electrical/Electronics Sector Regulations is the foremost guideline for handling end-of-life devices from decommissioned solar power systems (SPSs).

Figure 1 :
Figure 1: Conceptual framework Handling Devices from SPSs -John, 2022 bjmas.org/index.php/bjmas/indexPublished by the European Centre for Research Training and Development UK 10 the management of decommissioned solar PV systems.Together, eight (8) regulations are deployed in the study area.The number of guidelines falls short of the waste management bylaws for Bayelsa State, owing to government officials' restriction, show of confidentiality and unwillingness to release the State's by-law before and during the survey.
bjmas.org/index.php/bjmas/indexPublished by the European Centre for Research Training and Development UK 11 Hypothesis Test and Interpretation (Ho1)

Figure A1 :
Figure A1: Schema of Regulatory and Monitoring Agencies

Table 1 :
Framework for solar PV power systems in Nigeria

Regulations/Laws/Legislations/Acts/ for Solar PV Power Systems Management in Nigeria Proponents
The National Energy Efficiency Action Plan (NEEAP) 2016 is aimed at the effective and efficient energy use and proposes key areas for energy efficiency and conservation to be considered.Also, the policy hinge on pursuing the goal for the "Solar Thermal Program (SOLTRAIN) in West Africa" that meant at contributing to a switch over from the use of fossil fuel based energy supplies to a cleaner and sustainable energy supply system that is based on renewable energies from solar power systems (Federal Ministry of Power, Work and Housing, FMPWH, 2016a).)PartII of the General Provisions, sub-section 25 in the National Environmental (Energy Sector) Regulations, 2014 had stipulated that all power generating facility shall ensure that generated wastes should be handled and disposed as recommended in the National Environmental (Sanitation and Wastes Control) Regulation S.I.28 of 2009.Generally, strategies for solid waste management and environmental sanitation practices for all categories of wastes are primarily drawn from the National Environmental (Sanitation and Wastes Control) Regulation S.I.28 of 2009(NESREA, 2009).In the policy document, Part 2 of the Environmental Sanitation Section, Sub-section 11(a) -(II.Duties and Obligations) promotes the stratification of hazardous wastes like decommissioned solar PV panels, batteries, inverters, etc. from non-hazardous municipal wastes.Besides, Subsection III (44-53) -"Hazardous Waste Control" was particularly dedicated to strategies for handling and disposing hazardous wastes in Nigeria.It equally classified generated hazardous waste under Schedules 13 and 14 of the regulation.f)The National Environmental (Electrical/Electronics Sector) Regulations, 2022 is a unique policy that is specifically dedicated to the managing waste from electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) in the Nigeria environment.It was first enacted in 2011 and then reviewed in 2022.The broad objective of the new regulation is to provide strategies for minimizing and preventing pollution operations and relative activities into the environment in the electrical and electronic sector (NESREA, 2022).It promoted strategies on extended producer responsibility (EPR), best practices for handling e-wastes Published by the European Centre for Research Training and Development UK d) The National Renewable Energy Action Plan (NREAP), 2016 is drafted for strategy implementation of the National Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Policy (NREEEP) 2015.The policy provides a summary on concrete guidelines, regulations, laws, incentives and strategies to be implemented in achieving Nigeria's quest in renewable energy targets and sustainable energy supply for its citizenry.Also, Nigeria's contribution to renewable energies to achieving its national target under the ECOWAS Renewable Energy Policy (EREP) was target at 23% by 2020 and 31% by 2030 renewable energy(FMPWH, 2016b).e

Table 2 :
Population of selectedLGAs in the Core Niger Delta

Table 3 :
Schedule of Questionnaire Administered RESULTSSequel toTable 2 representation of number of questionnaires administered (36), number of questionnaires retrieved (36) and number of valuable questionnaires retrieved (34), we present an analysis of the respondents with Table A1 and Figure A1.The respondents from the Regulatory and Monitoring Agencies were drawn from government agencies like the Federal Ministry of Environment, National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA), State Environmental Protection Agencies from Bayelsa, Rivers and Delta, Local Government Area Health Offices, Government/Private Waste Management Firms, Nigerian Custom Service, as well as Federal Ministry of Power.
Among the provisions listed below, tick the applicable guideline(s) used by your firm/business in carrying out routine management of end-of-life lithium batteries: [The National Environmental (Electrical/Electronics Sector) Regulations S.I.No. 23 of 2011, Other than those listed in question 1 above, please indicate other legislative provisions (including State edits) that form part of the policy framework adopted and applicable in managing disused wastes from solar devices in your jurisdiction of work, Among the provisions listed below, tick the applicable guideline(s) used by your firm/business in carrying out routine management of end-of-life lithium batteries: [National Renewable Energy Action Plan, 2016 (NREAP)], Among the provisions listed below, tick the applicable guideline(s) used by your firm/business in carrying out routine management of end-of-life lithium batteries: [The National Environmental (Sanitation and Wastes Control) Regulation S.I.28 of 2009], Among the provisions listed below, tick the applicable guideline(s) used by your firm/business in carrying out routine management of end-of-life lithium batteries: [National Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Policy (NREEEP), 2015] b .Enter a. Dependent Variable: Are you aware of any specific Regulations/Laws/Legislations/Acts for solar PV components management in the Niger Delta? b.All requested variables entered.
[National Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Policy (NREEEP), 2015] Are you aware of any specific Regulations/Laws/Legislations/Acts for solar PV components management in the Niger Delta? b.Predictors: (Constant [National Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Policy (NREEEP), 2015] Among the provisions listed below, tick the applicable guideline(s) used by your firm/business in carrying out routine management of end-of-life lithium batteries: [National Environmental (Energy Sector) Regulations, 2014] Among the provisions listed below, tick the applicable guideline(s) used by your firm/business in carrying out routine management of end-of-life lithium batteries: [National Energy Efficiency Action Plan, 2016 (NEEAP)] Among the provisions listed below, tick the applicable guideline(s) used by your firm/business in carrying out routine management of end-of-life lithium batteries: [The National Environmental (Electrical/Electronics Sector) Regulations S.I.No.23 of 2011 Among the provisions listed below, tick the applicable guideline(s) used by your firm/business in carrying out routine management of end-of-life lithium batteries: [The National Environmental (Sanitation and Wastes Control) Regulation S.I.28 of 2009]Other than those listed in question 1 above, please indicate other legislative provisions (including State edits) that form part of the policy framework adopted and applicable in managing disused wastes from solar devices in your jurisdiction of work Dependent Variable: Are you aware of any specific Regulations/Laws/Legislations/Acts for solar PV components management in the Niger Delta?